NURSING ANM AND GNM

Detailed explanation-1: -An influx of extracellular calcium ions across a damaged permeability barrier and down a steep concentration gradient may convert potentially reversible injury into irreversible injury.

Detailed explanation-2: -This elevated intracellular calcium concentration is responsible for cytoskeletal modifications which alter cell shape, the activation of phospholipases which results in perpetuation of membrane damage and finally, mitochondrial calcification.

Detailed explanation-3: -Hypoxia is the most important cause of cell injury. Irreversible cell injury can be recognized by changes in the appearance of the nucleus and rupture of the cell membrane.

Detailed explanation-4: -Ca(2+) influx into neurons occurs through plasma membrane receptors and voltage-dependent ion channels. The release of Ca(2+) from the intracellular stores, such as the endoplasmic reticulum, by intracellular channels also contributes to the elevation of cytosolic Ca(2+).

Detailed explanation-5: -Retention of the mitochondrial membrane potential during Ca(2+) increases favors mitochondrial Ca(2+) uptake and overload, resulting in mitochondrial permeability transition and cell death.