NURSING ANM AND GNM

Detailed explanation-1: -A teratogen is any agent that causes an abnormality following fetal exposure during pregnancy. Teratogens are usually discovered after an increased prevalence of a particular birth defect. For example, in the early 1960’s, a drug known as thalidomide was used to treat morning sickness.

Detailed explanation-2: -The mechanisms behind birth defects induced by thalidomide involve its teratogenic ability to bypass an intrinsically important embryonic defense system that is responsible for preventing toxic substances from entering embryonic cells as well as escorting tagged toxicants out of the cell.

Detailed explanation-3: -Thalidomide exists in two mirror-image forms: it is a racemic mixture of (R)-and (S)-enantiomers. The (R)-enantiomer, shown in the figure, has sedative effects, whereas the (S)-isomer is teratogenic.

Detailed explanation-4: -Teratogens are substances that cause congenital disorders in a developing embryo or fetus. A teratogen is anything a person is exposed to or ingests during pregnancy that’s known to cause fetal abnormalities. Drugs, medicine, chemicals, certain infections and toxic substances are examples of teratogens.