PATHOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -The liver is innervated by both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nerve systems. These nerves are derived from the splanchnic and vagal nerves that surround the portal vein, hepatic artery, and bile duct.

Detailed explanation-2: -The greater splanchnic nerve helps with the motility of the foregut and provides sympathetic innervation to the adrenal medulla. Specifically, it supplies the alimentary canal, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, adrenal medulla, and the spleen.

Detailed explanation-3: -The thoracic, lumbar and sacral splanchnic nerves are sympathetic in function while the pelvic splanchnic nerves are parasympathetic. These nerves have connections to the celiac, aortic, mesenteric, hypogastric and pelvic plexuses.

Detailed explanation-4: -Functional studies both in animals and man have shown that electrical or reflex activation of the hepatic and pancreatic sympathetic nerve fibers causes an increased output of glucose from the liver as well as a stimulation of glucagon and an inhibition of insulin release from the pancreas.