PATHOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Answer and Explanation: The answer choice that does not contribute to venous blood pressure is b. venous anastomosis. Venous anastomoses are connections between veins.

Detailed explanation-2: -The abdominal pump, respiratory pump, and peripheral muscle pump are the three methods employed to improve venous return. The most often utilized method to improve venous return is the peripheral muscle pump, which includes contracting the calf muscles while moving about or doing other physical activities.

Detailed explanation-3: -A thin layer of smooth muscle in the veins helps squeeze blood back towards the heart. When muscles contract and relax during the inspiration and expiration process, pressure changes occur in the thoracic and abdominal cavities. These pressure changes compress the nearby veins and assist blood return to the heart.