PATHOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -In venous pooling, the smooth muscles surrounding the veins become slack and the veins fill with the majority of the blood in the body, keeping blood away from the brain, which can cause unconsciousness. Venous valves prevent back flow and ensure that blood flows in one direction.

Detailed explanation-2: -Venous stasis occurs as the skeletal muscle pump becomes less efficient, and blood flow within the veins in the lower limbs can become slow-moving or stop completely, leading to pooling and venous stasis. Muscle disuse can contribute to thrombus formation in the intramuscular veins.

Detailed explanation-3: -The walls of veins have the same three layers as the arteries. Although all the layers are present, there is less smooth muscle and connective tissue. This makes the walls of veins thinner than those of arteries, which is related to the fact that blood in the veins has less pressure than in the arteries.