PATHOLOGY MCQ
CELL DAMAGE
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Question
[CLICK ON ANY CHOICE TO KNOW THE RIGHT ANSWER]
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Anaphase checkpoint, mitosis/metaphase checkpoint, and telophase checkpoint, interphase checkpoint
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Interphase checkpoint, S phase checkpoint, and M phase checkpoint, mitosis/metaphase checkpoint
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G1 checkpoint, G2 checkpoint, mitosis/metaphase checkpoint, and S phase checkpoint
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G1 checkpoint, S checkpoint, G2 checkpoint, and mitosis/metaphase checkpoint
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Detailed explanation-1: -G1 checkpoint is near the end of G1 (close to the G1/S transition). G2 checkpoint is near the end of G2 (close to the G2/M transition). Spindle checkpoint is partway through M phase, and more specifically, at the metaphase/anaphase transition.
Detailed explanation-2: -The main cell cycle checkpoints are the G1/S checkpoint, the intra-S checkpoint, and the G2/M checkpoint [60]. The transition through stages of the cell cycle is regulated by the action of cyclin-dependent kinases, which are key targets for modulations induced by different cellular stimuli, including DNA damage.
Detailed explanation-3: -There are many checkpoints in the cell cycle, but the three major ones are: the G1 checkpoint, also known as the Start or restriction checkpoint or Major Checkpoint; the G2/M checkpoint; and the metaphase-to-anaphase transition, also known as the spindle checkpoint.
Detailed explanation-4: -Cell-cycle checkpoints prevent the transmission of genetic errors to daughter cells. There exist three major cell-cycle checkpoints; the G1/S checkpoint, the G2/M checkpoint, and the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC).
Detailed explanation-5: -The G1 to S checkpoint prevents replication of damaged DNA. Essentially, this process is able to arrest the cell cycle through the functions of ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3 related, which phosphorylate a number of substrate proteins in response to DNA damage.