PATHOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -DNA is so important to cell differentiation because it has the instructions for all different types of specialization. Cell differentiation occurs due to differential gene expression, where some genes are turned on and others are turned off. Genes are coded for in the sequence of nucleotides present in the DNA.

Detailed explanation-2: -In order for a cell to manufacture these proteins, specific genes within its DNA must first be transcribed into molecules of mRNA; then, these transcripts must be translated into chains of amino acids, which later fold into fully functional proteins.

Detailed explanation-3: -The DNA in genomes does not direct protein synthesis itself, but instead uses RNA as an intermediary molecule. When the cell needs a particular protein, the nucleotide sequence of the appropriate portion of the immensely long DNA molecule in a chromosome is first copied into RNA (a process called transcription).

Detailed explanation-4: -The type of RNA that contains the information for making a protein is called messenger RNA (mRNA) because it carries the information, or message, from the DNA out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm. Translation, the second step in getting from a gene to a protein, takes place in the cytoplasm.