PATHOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -There are 4 stages of apoptosis: the initiation or stimulus for cell death, the active programmed cell death when the events become irreversible, phagocytosis of the dead cellular material, and inhibitory mechanisms of apoptosis.

Detailed explanation-2: -Drugs and irradiation used in chemotherapy leads to DNA damage, which results in triggering apoptosis through the p53 dependent pathway. The apoptosis, stages are includes nuclear DNA fragmentation, cell shrinkage, chromatin condensation, membrane blebbing, and the formation of apoptotic bodies.

Detailed explanation-3: -It is the activation of the execution caspases that begins this phase of apoptosis. Execution caspases activate cytoplasmic endonuclease, which degrades nuclear material, and proteases that degrade the nuclear and cytoskeletal proteins.