PATHOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Pathogenesis. In healthy cells, sodium and potassium are controlled at the cell membrane level to prevent cloudy swelling. It leads to an accumulation of sodium inside the cell and the escape of potassium from the cell. Thus, rapid infiltration of water into the cell causes cellular swelling.

Detailed explanation-2: -On the one hand, calcium ions have been proposed as mediators of the functional consequences of plasma membrane injury. An influx of extracellular calcium ions across a damaged permeability barrier and down a steep concentration gradient may convert potentially reversible injury into irreversible injury.

Detailed explanation-3: -Oxygen deprivation. A hypoxic state results in reduced aerobic oxidative respiration, which results in cell injury. Physical agents. Chemical agents and drugs. Immunologic reactions. Infectious agents. Nutritional imbalances. Genetic derangement. Hypoxia and ischemic cell injury.