PATHOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Question: Which of the following is NOT a checkpoint in the cell cycle? All the options bellow are all checkpoints in the cell cycle. The G1/S checkpoint checks that the integrity of the DNA before synthesizing a copy of it. The G2 checkpoint checks for DNA damage and determines if all of the DNA is fully replicated.

Detailed explanation-2: -Cytokinesis is the end of cell cycle and is not a checkpoint that controls progress…

Detailed explanation-3: -During S phase, any problems with DNA replication trigger a ‘’checkpoint”-a cascade of signaling events that puts the phase on hold until the problem is resolved. The S phase checkpoint operates like a surveillance camera; we will explore how this camera works on the molecular level.

Detailed explanation-4: -Cell-cycle checkpoints prevent the transmission of genetic errors to daughter cells. There exist three major cell-cycle checkpoints; the G1/S checkpoint, the G2/M checkpoint, and the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC).

Detailed explanation-5: -The main cell cycle checkpoints are the G1/S checkpoint, the intra-S checkpoint, and the G2/M checkpoint [60]. The transition through stages of the cell cycle is regulated by the action of cyclin-dependent kinases, which are key targets for modulations induced by different cellular stimuli, including DNA damage.