PATHOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Q. Which of these is the direct result of an error in the transcription of a DNA nucleotide? The nuclear membrane is ruptured.

Detailed explanation-2: -Mutations result either from errors in DNA replication or from the damaging effects of mutagens, such as chemicals and radiation, which react with DNA and change the structures of individual nucleotides. All cells possess DNA-repair enzymes that attempt to minimize the number of mutations that occur (Section 14.2).

Detailed explanation-3: -If a mismatched base pair, bound strongly by a transcription factor, makes it through the DNA replication cycle without being repaired by another type of protein-known as a repair enzyme-it can become a mutation, and mutations can lead to genetic diseases like cancer and neurodegeneration.

Detailed explanation-4: -Errors in transcription can cause deleterious effect upon repeated translation of erroneous mRNA into protein. Transcription infidelity may result in aging and human diseases such as cancer.

Detailed explanation-5: -Answer and Explanation: If an error occurs in the transcription process, the wrong code is sent out of the nucleus of the cell. If the wrong sequence is translated by the ribosome, the wrong sequence of amino acids may be generated.