PATHOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -The Golgi apparatus is the central organelle mediating protein and lipid transport within the eukaryotic cell.

Detailed explanation-2: -Proteins are assembled at organelles called ribosomes. When proteins are destined to be part of the cell membrane or exported from the cell, the ribosomes assembling them attach to the endoplasmic reticulum, giving it a rough appearance.

Detailed explanation-3: -The ER is the largest organelle in the cell and is a major site of protein synthesis and transport, protein folding, lipid and steroid synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism and calcium storage [1–7].

Detailed explanation-4: -Proteins and lipids are carried from the ER to the Golgi in transport vesicles that bud from the membrane of the ER and then fuse to form the vesicles and tubules of the ER-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC).

Detailed explanation-5: -COPII-coated vesicles transport cargo proteins from the ER to the Golgi; COPI-coated vesicles transport cargo in the retrograde direction (from the cis-Golgi back to the ER) and between Golgi cisternae; and clathrin-coated vesicles form from the plasma membrane and the TGN to fuse with endosomes or lysosomes (Fig. 1).