PATHOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Catecholamines are hormones made chiefly by the adrenal glands, located above the kidneys. The main catecholamines are adrenaline (epinephrine), noradrenaline (norepinephrine), and dopamine. Catecholamines increase heart rate, blood pressure, breathing rate, muscle strength, and mental alertness.

Detailed explanation-2: -Epinephrine (Adrenaline) and Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline) Among other things, these hormones are capable of increasing the heart rate and force of heart contractions, increasing blood flow to the muscles and brain, relaxing airway smooth muscles, and assisting in glucose (sugar) metabolism.

Detailed explanation-3: -Adrenal medulla (epinephrine) Another neurotransmitter dopamine that has limited actions in the autonomic nervous system may excite or inhibit depending on the receptors. Dopamine can be converted into norepinephrine and thus can increase heart rate and blood pressure.

Detailed explanation-4: -Aldosteronism. The adrenal glands produce too much of the hormone aldosterone. This makes the kidneys retain salt and water and lose too much potassium, which raises blood pressure.

Detailed explanation-5: -A sudden large increase in adrenal hormones is called an adrenergic crisis (AC). AC causes severe high blood pressure (hypertension) and a rapid heart rate (tachycardia).