PATHOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -In biology, insertions or deletions of nucleotides in the coding region resulting in an altered sequence of amino acids at the translation of the codons are known as frameshift mutations. This type of mutation may result in phenotypic changes, for instance, the production of an altered protein.

Detailed explanation-2: -Errors during transcription and translation lead to so‐called “phenotypic mutations.” Sources of phenotypic mutations include misincorporation of nucleotides or amino acids as well as RNA polymerase slippage, ribosomal slippage, premature termination, and stop codon readthrough (Figure 1a).

Detailed explanation-3: -Beneficial Mutations They lead to new versions of proteins that help organisms adapt to changes in their environment. Beneficial mutations are essential for evolution to occur. They increase an organism’s changes of surviving or reproducing, so they are likely to become more common over time.