PATHOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Autosomal recessive disorders affect males and females equally. Individuals that manifest an autosomal recessive disorder must be homozygous for the disease-associated allele. Autosomal recessive disorders often occur among siblings of two unaffected parents who are both carriers.

Detailed explanation-2: -Affected persons, on average, have equal numbers of affected and unaffected children. Normal children of affected parents have only unaffected children. Males and females are affected in equal proportions. Each sex is equally likely to transmit the disorder to male and female children.

Detailed explanation-3: -Although not a characteristic per se, the finding of male-to-male transmission essentially confirms autosomal dominant inheritance. Vertical transmission can also be seen with X-linked traits. However, because a father passes on his Y chromosome to a son, male-to-male transmission cannot be seen with an X-linked trait.