PATHOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -The effects of mutations can vary widely, from being beneficial, to having no effect, to having lethal consequences, and every possibility in between.

Detailed explanation-2: -Many mutations are neutral and have no effect on the organism in which they occur. Some mutations are beneficial and improve fitness. An example is a mutation that confers antibiotic resistance in bacteria. Other mutations are harmful and decrease fitness, such as the mutations that cause genetic disorders or cancers .

Detailed explanation-3: -Mutations are the random changes in genetic material of organisms leading to genetic diversity.

Detailed explanation-4: -How can mutations affect organisms? Mutations can affect an organism by changing its physical characteristics (or phenotype) or it can impact the way DNA codes the genetic information (genotype). When mutations occur they can cause termination (death) of an organism or they can be partially lethal.