PATHOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -In cases of start codon mutation, as usual, the mutated mRNA would be shunted to the ribosomes, but the translation would not take place. This is because an initiation codon is responsible for starting translation, not a transcription start codon.

Detailed explanation-2: -A point mutation occurs in a genome when a single base pair is added, deleted or changed. While most point mutations are benign, they can also have various functional consequences, including changes in gene expression or alterations in encoded proteins.

Detailed explanation-3: -A nonsense mutation occurs in DNA when a sequence change gives rise to a stop codon rather than a codon specifying an amino acid. The presence of the new stop codon results in the production of a shortened protein that is likely non-functional.

Detailed explanation-4: -If a mutation does not alter the amino acid sequence of a protein, it is considered a silent mutation. A neutral mutation changes the amino acid, but not the function of the protein.