PATHOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Mutations can also occur as the result of exposure to environmental factors such as smoking, sunlight and radiation. Often cells can recognize any potentially mutation-causing damage and repair it before it becomes a fixed mutation. Mutations contribute to genetic variation within species.

Detailed explanation-2: -Mutations are caused by environmental factors k nown as mutagens. Types of mutagens include radiation, chemicals, and infectious agents. Mutations may be spontaneous in nature.

Detailed explanation-3: -A mutation is a change in the DNA sequence of an organism. Mutations can result from errors in DNA replication during cell division, exposure to mutagens or a viral infection.

Detailed explanation-4: -Environmental mutagens, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and heterocyclic amines are known to bind to nucleotides, resulting in the formation of DNA adducts. Some DNA adducts are fixed as mutations through replication of DNA.

Detailed explanation-5: -Induced mutations are those that result from an exposure to chemicals, UV rays, x-rays, or some other environmental agent.