PATHOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -The human insulin gene is extracted from human cells using restriction enzymes. This is inserted into a plasmid using an enzyme called ligase, producing recombinant DNA. The recombinant plasmid is placed inside a bacterium which replicates (the bacterium is now transgenic because it contains DNA from another species).

Detailed explanation-2: -The gene for human insulin is inserted into the gap in the plasmid. This plasmid is now genetically modified. The genetically modified plasmid is introduced into a new bacteria or yeast cell. This cell then divides rapidly and starts making insulin.

Detailed explanation-3: -A different enzyme is used to join the insulin gene and the bacterial plasmid. The bacterial plasmid containing the insulin gene is placed into a bacterial cell. The bacterial cell is placed in a fermenter to allow reproduction under perfect conditions (warmth, moisture and oxygen).

Detailed explanation-4: -For instance, if our plasmid contained the human insulin gene, the bacteria would start transcribing the gene and translating the mRNA to produce many molecules of human insulin protein.