PATHOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Most mutations are not harmful, but some can be. A harmful mutation can result in a genetic disorder or even cancer. Another kind of mutation is a chromosomal mutation. Chromosomes, located in the cell nucleus, are tiny threadlike structures that carry genes.

Detailed explanation-2: -Of course not all mutations are harmful, and the occasional fitness increasing mutations drive adaptive evolution.

Detailed explanation-3: -By the same token, any random change in a gene’s DNA is likely to result in a protein that does not function normally or may not function at all. Such mutations are likely to be harmful. Harmful mutations may cause genetic disorders or cancer. A genetic disorder is a disease caused by a mutation in one or a few genes.

Detailed explanation-4: -Harmful Mutations: Mutations that lead to changes in genes that further produces unusual protein or alter the function of that protein adversely are called harmful mutations. These mutations are not useful and do not lead to evolution. The organisms with harmful mutations do not survive long.