PATHOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Genetic engineering is the science of manipulating genetic material of an organism. The first artificial genetic modification accomplished using biotechnology was transgenesis, the process of transferring genes from one organism to another, first accomplished by Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen in 1973.

Detailed explanation-2: -Selective breeding: Two strains of plants are introduced and bred to produce offspring with specific features. Between 10, 000 and 300, 000 genes can be affected. This is the oldest method of genetic modification, and is typically not included in the GMO food category.

Detailed explanation-3: -In the early 1960s, gene therapy first progressed with the development of recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology, 1) and was further developed using various genetic engineering tools, such as viral vectors. More than 1900 clinical trials have been conducted with gene therapeutic approaches since the early 1990s.

Detailed explanation-4: -Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen made the first genetically modified organism in 1973, a bacterium resistant to the antibiotic kanamycin. The first genetically modified animal, a mouse, was created in 1974 by Rudolf Jaenisch, and the first plant was produced in 1983.