PATHOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Wounds such as pressure ulcers, also called bed sores, are caused by both friction and shear forces. Friction will damage the superficial tissue such as the skin, while shearing forces will damage the underlying tissue such as the fat and muscle.

Detailed explanation-2: -Shear occurs when tissue layers move over the top of each other, causing blood vessels to stretch and break as they pass through the subcutaneous tissue. For example, when a patient slides down in bed, the outer layer of skin remains immobile because it remains attached to the sheets due to friction.

Detailed explanation-3: -Abrasions are superficial injuries of the skin and visceral linings in the body, resulting in a break in the continuity of tissue. These are the simplest of injuries in terms of healing, with most injuries being confined to the epidermis and resulting in minimal bleeding at most.

Detailed explanation-4: -Falling down onto a rough surface (e.g., ground, sidewalk, indoor playing field) Repetitive wear-and-tear to skin. Banging up against a hard or uneven surface. Road rash. Impact or pressure from a hard or rough object. 18-Jan-2023