PATHOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -The implantation of any foreign material into the body leads to the development of an inflammatory and fibrotic process-the foreign body reaction (FBR). Upon implantation into a tissue, cells of the immune system become attracted to the foreign material and attempt to degrade it.

Detailed explanation-2: -The normal foreign body reaction consists of macrophages and foreign body giant cells at the surface of the implant with subjacent fibroblastic proliferation and collagen deposition, and capillary formation. Macrophages play a pivotal role in the response of tissue to implants.

Detailed explanation-3: -Pain: Discomfort may range from mild to severe. Nasal drainage: If objects are inserted into the nose, nasal drainage may occur. Choking: If an object is stuck in the airway, it can cause choking and symptoms such as coughing and wheezing. Breathing problems: An object blocking an airway may cause difficulty breathing.

Detailed explanation-4: -We can divide the FBR process in four major steps: (1) blood-plasma proteins adsorption to the foreign body; (2) monocyte recruitment and differentiation to macrophages; (3) macrophages activation and fusion to form giant cells; (4) fibroblasts recruitment and activation to form fibrotic tissue (Figure 2).