PATHOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -These include the hormones bradykinin and histamine. They cause the small blood vessels in the tissue to become wider (dilate), allowing more blood to reach the injured tissue. For this reason, inflamed areas turn red and feel hot.

Detailed explanation-2: -Cells that have been damaged by injury or invasion release a number of chemical signals, including histamine, prostaglandins and cytokines. These cause dilation of local blood vessels, which increases the blood flow to the injured area.

Detailed explanation-3: -Fever is a hallmark of infectious and inflammatory diseases. It is generated by the concerted action of various autonomic responses, such as peripheral vasoconstriction and decreased sweating, reducing heat loss, and shivering, and possibly also non-shivering, thermogenesis.

Detailed explanation-4: -Redness and heat are caused by increased blood flow. Swelling is the result of the increased movement of fluid and white blood cells into the injured area. The release of chemicals and the compression of nerves in the area of injury cause pain.

Detailed explanation-5: -The released chemical mediators include (1) vasoactive amines such as histamine and serotonin, (2) peptide (e.g., bradykinin), and (3) eicosanoids (e.g., thromboxanes, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins).