PATHOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -A heart with three chambers is designed for amphibians, who can absorb oxygen through their skin. With the exception of crocodiles, which have a four-chambered heart, all reptiles have a three-chambered heart with two atria and one ventricle.

Detailed explanation-2: -Most reptiles have two atria and one ventricle. The only exceptions are the 23 living species of crocodilians (alligators, caimans, crocodiles and gharials) who, like birds and mammals, have four-chambered hearts with two atria and two ventricles (Jones, 1996; Jensen et al., 2014).

Detailed explanation-3: -The crocodilian heart is completely divided into two atria and two ventricles, resembling the arrangement in birds and mammals.

Detailed explanation-4: -The systemic heart pumps blood around an octopus’s body, while its two branchial hearts pump blood through its two gills. Since octopus blood is very copper-rich, it’s exceptionally viscous.