PATHOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -The activated B cells that expressed the transcription factor Bcl-6 will enter B-cell follicles and undergo germinal center reactions. Once inside the germinal center, the B cells undergo proliferation, followed by mutation of the genetic coding region of their BCR, a process known as somatic hypermutation.

Detailed explanation-2: -After B cell activation, the B cells clone themselves through clonal expansion, but during each cellular division, random mutations occur that gradually increase the binding affinity for B cell-produced antibodies to antigens.

Detailed explanation-3: -This binding activates helper T-cells. Activated helper T-cells are important because they spur B-cells into action. An activated T-cell attaches to a B-cell, causing it to make copies, or clones, of itself. Some of the B-cells become plasma cells capable of producing antibodies.

Detailed explanation-4: -Memory B cells are a B cell sub-type that are formed following a primary infection. In the wake of the first (primary response) infection involving a particular antigen, the responding naïve cells (ones which have never been exposed to the antigen) proliferate to produce a colony of cells.

Detailed explanation-5: -Activated B cells multiply to form clones of plasma cells and memory cells. Plasma cells secrete antibodies. Antibodies aid the destruction of pathogens. White blood cells release histamine in response to allergens.