PATHOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -A monokine is a cytokine produced by monocytes and macrophages that has a regulatory effect on the function of other cells such as lymphocytes. Monokines include interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and interferons and colony-stimulating factors.

Detailed explanation-2: -IL-12. IL-12 is produced primarily by monocytes, macrophages, and other antigen-presenting cells; it is essential for fighting infectious diseases and cancer. IL-12 is a heterodimeric cytokine comprised of the p35 and p40 subunits, which come together after their synthesis.

Detailed explanation-3: -Proinflammatory cytokines are produced predominantly by activated macrophages and are involved in the up-regulation of inflammatory reactions. There is abundant evidence that certain pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6, and TNF- are involved in the process of pathological pain.

Detailed explanation-4: -Monokines are cytokines produced mainly by monocytes and macrophages for function in the immune system. Monokines can function as chemoattractants for guiding neutrophil migration.

Detailed explanation-5: -M1 macrophages are characterized by an elevated ability to secrete cytokines such as IL-1, TNF, IL-12, and IL-18; phenotypically, they express high levels of main histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II), CD68 marker, and CD80 and CD86 costimulatory molecules.