PATHOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -The activation and proliferation of CAR-T cells release primary cytokines such as IL1, IFN-, and TNF, which induce the activation of other immune cells, such as macrophages, DCs, and monocytes (241). These cells then produce excessive amounts of secondary cytokines, such as IL6, IL10, and IL5 (242).

Detailed explanation-2: -Cytokines stimulate switching of antibody isotypes in B cells, differentiation of helper T cells into Th-1 and Th-2 subsets, and activation of microbicidal mechanisms in phagocytes.

Detailed explanation-3: -We have shown here that DCs as well as DC-derived cytokines (TNF-, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-12) promote T cell proliferation in response to c-cytokines.

Detailed explanation-4: -IL-2 plays a dual role in T cell activation by stimulating the proliferation and differentiation of ‘conventional’ T cells as well as maintaining and expanding the population of ‘suppressive’ Treg cells (Fig. 2)11.