PATHOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Infectious diseases are caused by pathogens, which include bacteria, fungi, protozoa, worms, viruses, and even infectious proteins called prions. Pathogens of all classes must have mechanisms for entering their host and for evading immediate destruction by the host immune system.

Detailed explanation-2: -What are pathogens? Pathogens include viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites that invade the body and can cause health issues. Anthrax, HIV, Epstein-Barr virus, and the Zika virus, among many others are examples of pathogens that cause serious diseases.

Detailed explanation-3: -Pathogens communicate with human cells through physical interactions with various human proteins on the surface of the cell and within the interior of the cell. These interactions allow the pathogen to enter the host cell, manipulate important cellular processes, multiply, and invade other cells.

Detailed explanation-4: -Pathogens affect all living organisms and cause illness to humans in a variety of different ways. They can damage tissues or cells by producing toxins as they replicate. While some pathogens cause mild problems, others can be life threatening.

Detailed explanation-5: -Pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins are proteins produced in plants in the event of a pathogen attack. They are induced as part of systemic acquired resistance. Infections activate genes that produce PR proteins. Some of these proteins are antimicrobial, attacking molecules in the cell wall of a bacterium or fungus.