PATHOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins, are glycosylated protein molecules present on the surface of B cells (surface immunoglobulins) serving as antigen receptors (BCR), or are secreted into the extracellular space where they can bind and neutralize their target antigens (15).

Detailed explanation-2: -B cells create antibodies. B lymphocytes, also called B cells, create a type of protein called an antibody. These antibodies bind to pathogens or to foreign substances, such as toxins, to neutralize them.

Detailed explanation-3: -Antibodies are produced by specialized white blood cells called B lymphocytes (or B cells). When an antigen binds to the B-cell surface, it stimulates the B cell to divide and mature into a group of identical cells called a clone.