PATHOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Mast cells synthesize and secrete histamine, proteases, prostaglandin D2, leukotrienes, heparin, and a variety of cytokines, many of which are implicated in CVD (36, 93–100). Furthermore, mast cells enhance endothelial inflammatory responses through upregulation of innate immune mechanisms (101, 102).

Detailed explanation-2: -Mast cells are key players in the inflammatory response as they can be activated to release a wide variety of inflammatory mediators, by many different antigens including allergens, pathogens and physiological mediators.

Detailed explanation-3: -A type of white blood cell that is found in connective tissues all through the body, especially under the skin, near blood vessels and lymph vessels, in nerves, and in the lungs and intestines.

Detailed explanation-4: -What is Mast Cell Activation Syndrome. MCAS is a chronic condition involving multiple organs in which normal mast cell activation leads to the inflammation and allergic symptoms that may occur episodically in patients. Gastrointestinal symptoms are common including Irritable Bowel Syndrome.

Detailed explanation-5: -Mast cells contribute to homeostasis in the immune system. They serve as a first line of defense against antigens entering the body due to their location in the skin and mucosa (21). Mast cells are especially important in the homeostasis of the commensal bacteria of the gut (22).