PATHOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Among the hepatic immune cells, the hepatic dendritic cells (HDCs), uniquely, have a migratory capacity, produce particular cytokines and promote the adaptive immune system response and acts as a bridge between the innate and adaptive process (22).

Detailed explanation-2: -Kupffer cells are resident liver macrophages and play a critical role in maintaining liver functions. Under physiological conditions, they are the first innate immune cells and protect the liver from bacterial infections.

Detailed explanation-3: -The Kupffer cell is located to the hepatic sinusoid and is therefore in close proximity to other cells in the sinusoid, including natural killer (NK) and natural killer T cells (NKT), as well as the liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC).

Detailed explanation-4: -Kupffer cells are involved in the defence against infections of the liver. Their major role in the host defence and the prognosis of liver infection is indicated by studies in experimental models of sepsis.

Detailed explanation-5: -Development of an initial population of Kupffer cells begins in the embryonic yolk sac where precursor cells differentiate into fetal macrophages. Once they enter the blood stream, they migrate to the fetal liver where they stay. There they complete their differentiation into Kupffer cells.