PATHOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -These are usually proteins and are found in the blood, in tissue fluids or bound to the cell surface. The antibody receptor, also called an immunoglobulin (Ig), was the first antigen-specific receptor to be characterized and is commonly drawn as a Y-shaped cartoon.

Detailed explanation-2: -B cells make Y-shaped proteins called antibodies that are specific to each pathogen and lock onto its surface and mark it for destruction by other immune cells.

Detailed explanation-3: -Antibody binding also marks invading pathogens for destruction, mainly by making it easier for phagocytic cells of the innate immune system to ingest them.

Detailed explanation-4: -A typical antibody molecule is Y-shaped, with two identical antigen-binding sites at the tips of the Y and binding sites for complement components and/or various cell-surface receptors on the tail of the Y. Each B cell clone makes antibody molecules with a unique antigen-binding site.

Detailed explanation-5: -Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) are proteins capable of recognizing molecules frequently found in pathogens (the so-called Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns-PAMPs), or molecules released by damaged cells (the Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns-DAMPs).