PATHOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -After the vaccination, B-cells make defensive antibodies against the antigen. These antibodies help the cells remember this particular antigen, so that they can fight it off if the body is infected again.

Detailed explanation-2: -The body identifies antigens as dangerous and stimulates antibodies to attack them. B-lymphocytes are defensive white blood cells; they can produce antibodies to fight off infection.

Detailed explanation-3: -Some newer vaccines (e.g., COVID-19 mRNA vaccines) contain instructions for producing antigens rather than the antigen itself. When a person gets a vaccine, the immune system responds to the antigen as if it were exposed to the actual germ (it makes antibodies and remembers how to defeat it).