PATHOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Exogenous pyrogens initiate fever by inducing host cells (primarily macrophages) to produce and release endogenous pyrogens such as interleukin-1, which has multiple biological functions essential for the immune response.

Detailed explanation-2: -IL-1 (previously known as endogenous pyrogen), TNF, and IL-6 are able to raise the temperature setpoint of an organism and cause fever. These cytokines stimulate production of inducible cyclooxygenase (i.e., cyclooxygenase 2), which induces the hypothalamic production of prostaglandins, particularly prostaglandin E2.

Detailed explanation-3: -Infections cause most fevers. You get a fever because your body is trying to kill the virus or bacteria that caused the infection. Most of those bacteria and viruses do well when your body is at your normal temperature. But if you have a fever, it is harder for them to survive.

Detailed explanation-4: -Interleukin-18 (IL-18) Macrophages mostly make IL-18, which can be produced by hepatocytes and keratinocytes. Its principal target is a co-factor in Th1 cell induction. It causes interferon gamma production and enhances NK cell activity.