PATHOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -As natural amino acid-based therapeutics, therapeutic peptides have two intrinsic drawbacks (Fig. 2): membrane impermeability and poor in vivo stability, which represent major stumbling blocks for peptide drug development2, 29. Peptides have weak membrane permeability.

Detailed explanation-2: -Therapeutic peptides have several important advantages over proteins or antibodies: they are small in size, easy to synthesise and have the ability to penetrate the cell membranes. They also have high activity, specificity and affinity; minimal drug-drug interaction; and biological and chemical diversity.

Detailed explanation-3: -ADVANTAGES: Rapid onset of action First pass metabolism can be avoided Better drug absorption DISADVANTAGES: Long-term usage causes toxicity. Size of proteins and peptide drugs reduces systemic bioavailability.