PATHOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Based on visual observation, the ancients characterised inflammation by five cardinal signs, namely redness (rubor), swelling (tumour), heat (calor; only applicable to the body’ extremities), pain (dolor) and loss of function (functio laesa).

Detailed explanation-2: -Functio laesa. Loss of function; a fifth sign of inflammation added by galen to those enunciated by Celsus (rubor, tumour, calor, and dolor).

Detailed explanation-3: -This assonant phrase refers to the heat (calor), pain (dolor), redness (rubor), and swelling (tumor) that characterize the clinical symptoms of inflammation as they were defined in the first century AD by the Roman scholar Celsus.