PATHOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Through a mechanism known as “neutralization, ‘’ antibodies neutralize pathogens or their toxic products by binding to them and thus preventing them to enter cells and subsequent their infection. This mechanism is critical for protection against bacterial toxins and also pathogens such as viruses.

Detailed explanation-2: -Neutralizing antibodies can also stop pathogens from changing their structure and shape, known as conformational changes, in order to enter and replicate within a cell. In bacterial infections, neutralizing antibodies can block the harmful effects of toxins.

Detailed explanation-3: -1) Antibodies are secreted into the blood and mucosa, where they bind to and inactivate foreign substances such as pathogens and toxins (neutralization). 2) Antibodies activate the complement system to destroy bacterial cells by lysis (punching holes in the cell wall).