PATHOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -A neuron at rest is negatively charged because the inside of a cell is approximately 70 millivolts more negative than the outside (−70 mV); this number varies by neuron type and by species.

Detailed explanation-2: -Proteins that carry a negative charge are in high concentration inside a cell, and in low concentration outside. Neuronal membranes tend to be leakier for K+ than for Na+. This causes a net loss of K+ cations from the inside of the neuron, making it more negative.

Detailed explanation-3: -Hyperpolarization is when the membrane potential becomes more negative at a particular spot on the neuron’s membrane, while depolarization is when the membrane potential becomes less negative (more positive).