PATHOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Sympathetic stimulation increases heart rate and myocardial contractility. During exercise, emotional excitement, or under various pathological conditions (e.g., heart failure)[5], the sympathetic nervous system is activated.

Detailed explanation-2: -Sympathetic outflow from the central nervous system in HF affects several key organs, including the heart, the kidney, and the peripheral vasculature. In the acute setting, catecholamine-induced augmentation of ventricular contractility and heart rate help maintain cardiac output.

Detailed explanation-3: -The sympathetic nervous system plays an important role in the regulation of arterial pressure, and increased sympathetic nervous system activity has been implicated as a primary precursor of hypertension in both humans and animal models of the disease.