PATHOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Voluntary action: when an action is produced with the involvement of thoughts, they are called voluntary action. Involuntary actions: actions which take place without consciousness or willingness of an individual are called involuntary actions.

Detailed explanation-2: -Voluntary thought, (conscious thought), has to do with our everyday thinking. We plan how we will spend our day, think about something we did yesterday, what we have to do tomorrow, or focus on solving a problem. Involuntary thought, (unconscious thought), comes to us uninvited.

Detailed explanation-3: -For Aristotle, voluntary action-or intention-is required if praise or blame is to be appropriate. Praise and blame are important in that they testify to that which is virtuous in the polis which substantiates the virtues among the citizenry and subsequent generations through habituation.