PATHOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Answer and Explanation: During keratinization, the epidermal cells move from the deep layers of the epidermis to the outer layers and gain keratin to become tough and hardened. Keratin is a protein that is very tough and fibrous, making our outer layer of skin waterproof and impermeable.

Detailed explanation-2: -Cells are pushed into stratum spinosum. In the upper part of the spinous layer, cells begin to produce keratohyalin granules having intermediate-associated proteins, filaggrin, and trichohyalin; helps aggregate keratin filaments and conversion of granular cells to cornified cells, i.e. keratinization.

Detailed explanation-3: -The stratum corneum is the outermost layer that is composed of keratinized squamous cells. This keratin forms the outer layer of the skin of reptiles, birds and mammals. These keratinized cells are actually dead cells that shred periodically. They form an effective barrier against abrasions.