PATHOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Angiotensin II constricts both the afferent (preglomerular) and efferent (postglomerular) arterioles but preferentially increases efferent resistance [2].

Detailed explanation-2: -Angiotensin II minimizes vasoconstriction at the afferent arteriole via the stimulation of angiotensin II type 2 receptors, which results in vasodilation through a cytochrome P450-dependent pathway [4-6].

Detailed explanation-3: -AngII causes constriction of the afferent arteriole primarily by stimulation of calcium entry via voltage-sensitive, L-type channels, whereas AngII effects on the efferent arteriole are due to calcium release from intracellular stores and calcium entry through voltage-independent calcium entry channels.

Detailed explanation-4: -Angiotensin II (Ang II) raises blood pressure (BP) by a number of actions, the most important ones being vasoconstriction, sympathetic nervous stimulation, increased aldosterone biosynthesis and renal actions.