PATHOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Answer and Explanation: The antidiuretic hormone is involved in the movement of water into the blood from the renal tubules. This hormone causes an increase in the permeability of the fluid in the part of the distal tubule.

Detailed explanation-2: -Aldosterone causes sodium to be absorbed and potassium to be excreted into the lumen by principal cells. In alpha intercalated cells, located in the late distal tubule and collecting duct, hydrogen ions and potassium ions are exchanged.

Detailed explanation-3: -Angiotensin II acts on the proximal, distal, and collecting tubule cells to increase Na+ reabsorption and H+ secretion. ADH acts on the collecting tubule and collecting duct cells to increase water and urea reabsorption (Guyton and Hall, 2006).

Detailed explanation-4: -Aldosterone is a hormone produced in the cortex of the adrenal glands, which are located above the kidneys. The hormone causes the reabsorption of water with the sodium to increase blood volume.