PATHOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Usually, glucose, ketones, protein, and bilirubin are not detectable in urine. The following are not normally found in urine: Hemoglobin.

Detailed explanation-2: -Human urine is composed primarily of water (95%). The rest is urea (2%), creatinine (0.1%), uric acid (0.03%), chloride, sodium, potassium, sulphate, ammonium, phosphate and other ions and molecules in lesser amounts30 (Table 1).

Detailed explanation-3: -Ordinarily, urine contains no glucose because the kidneys are able to reabsorb all of the filtered glucose from the tubular fluid back into the bloodstream.

Detailed explanation-4: -Protein is present in the blood; healthy kidneys should only filter tiny (trace) amounts into the urine as most protein molecules are too large for the filters (glomeruli). It is not usual to lose protein in the urine. When this does happen it is known as ‘Proteinuria’.