PATHOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Kidney stones (also called renal calculi, nephrolithiasis or urolithiasis) are hard deposits made of minerals and salts that form inside your kidneys. Diet, excess body weight, some medical conditions, and certain supplements and medications are among the many causes of kidney stones.

Detailed explanation-2: -Nephrolithiasis is the term employed for kidney stones, also known as renal calculi, and they are crystal concretions formed typically in the kidney. Calculi typically form in the kidneys and ideally leave the body via the urethra without pain. Larger stones are painful and may need surgical intervention.

Detailed explanation-3: -Most kidney stones can be treated without surgery. Most stones will pass by themselves within three to six weeks. In this situation, the only treatment required is pain relief. However, pain can be so severe that hospital admission and very strong pain-relieving medication may be needed.

Detailed explanation-4: -SURGICAL OPTIONS-The most commonly used surgical procedures for stone removal are minimally invasive techniques such as shock wave lithotripsy (SWL), ureteroscopy (URS), and percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PNL). Other, less commonly performed, procedures include laparoscopic, robot-assisted, and open surgery.