PATHOLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -A kidney stone can form when substances such as calcium, oxalate, cystine or uric acid are at high levels in the urine, although stones can form even if these chemicals are at normal levels.

Detailed explanation-2: -Kidney stones are small, hard deposits that can form in a part of the kidney called the renal pelvis. Those that enter a ureter are sometimes referred to as ureteral stones. The ureters are the tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder.

Detailed explanation-3: -The mechanism of stone formation include nucleation of stone constituent crystals, their growth or aggregation to a size that can interact with some intrarenal structure, their retention within the kidney or renal collecting system and further aggregation and/or secondary nucleation to form the clinical stone.

Detailed explanation-4: -Calcium Oxalate Stones. The most common type of kidney stone is a calcium oxalate stone. Calcium Phosphate Stones. Calcium phosphate kidney stones are caused by abnormalities in the way the urinary system functions. Struvite Stones. Uric Acid Stones. Cystine Stones.