USA HISTORY

Detailed explanation-1: -On March 6, 1857, in Dred Scott v. Sandford, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that Black people were not American citizens and could not sue in courts of law. The Court ruled against Dred Scott, an enslaved Black man who tried to sue for his freedom.

Detailed explanation-2: -Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States that granted citizenship and equal civil and legal rights to African Americans and slaves who had been emancipated after the American Civil War.

Detailed explanation-3: -The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that Black people “are not included, and were not intended to be included, under the word ‘citizens’ in the Constitution, ” and so were not afforded the rights and privileges that it granted to American citizens.

Detailed explanation-4: -After the 13th Amendment, declaring that slavery and involuntary servitude was illegal, the Supreme court sharply narrowed the scope of federal authority in several cases. In effect, the Court held that racial discrimination against African Americans by private individuals was allowed.