USA HISTORY

Detailed explanation-1: -Horizontal integration is when a business grows by acquiring a similar company in their industry at the same point of the supply chain. Vertical integration is when a business expands by acquiring another company that operates before or after them in the supply chain.

Detailed explanation-2: -Horizontal integration’s control over one process during production means that a company has established a dominance in the manufacturing, selling and distribution, or even the production of raw materials. If a company owns every bit of a production process then it is known as a horizontal monopoly.

Detailed explanation-3: -If a company acquires or merges with another company and both firms are in a very similar industry, it is most likely an example of horizontal integration. Specific examples include: JetBlue’s 2022 merger with Spirit Airlines5. Marriott’s 2016 acquisition of Starwood Hotel & Resorts6.

Detailed explanation-4: -Traditional monopolies are achieved through horizontal integration, when one firm merges with its direct competitor, creating a larger firm that controls a greater portion of the market. Vertical integration describes a circumstance when a single firm seeks to control more than one stage in the supply chain.