USA HISTORY

Detailed explanation-1: -There are three primary forms of horizontal integration: mergers, acquisitions, and internal expansions.

Detailed explanation-2: -Horizontal integration involves acquiring or merging with competitors while vertical integration occurs when a firm expands into another production stage like acquiring a supplier or distributor.

Detailed explanation-3: -Vertical integration requires a company’s direct ownership of suppliers, distributors, or retail locations to obtain greater control of its supply chain. The advantages can include greater efficiencies, reduced costs, and more control along the manufacturing or distribution process.

Detailed explanation-4: -One of the most definitive examples of horizontal integration was the acquisition of Instagram by Facebook (now Meta) in 2012 for a reported $1 billion. 1 Both companies operated in the same industry (social media) and shared similar production stages in their photo-sharing services.